Chapter 16. Build Script Basics

Everything in Gradle sits on top of two basic concepts: projects and tasks.

Every Gradle build is made up of one or more projects. What a project represents depends on what it is that you are doing with Gradle. For example, a project might represent a library JAR or a web application. It might represent a distribution ZIP assembled from the JARs produced by other projects. A project does not necessarily represent a thing to be built. It might represent a thing to be done, such as deploying your application to staging or production environments. Don’t worry if this seems a little vague for now. Gradle’s build-by-convention support adds a more concrete definition for what a project is.

Each project is made up of one or more tasks. A task represents some atomic piece of work which a build performs. This might be compiling some classes, creating a JAR, generating Javadoc, or publishing some archives to a repository.

For now, we will look at defining some simple tasks in a build with one project. Later chapters will look at working with multiple projects and more about working with projects and tasks.

You run a Gradle build using the gradle command. The gradle command looks for a file called build.gradle in the current directory.^[5] We call this build.gradle file a build script, although strictly speaking it is a build configuration script, as we will see later. The build script defines a project and its tasks.

To try this out, create the following build script named build.gradle.

task hello {
    doLast {
        println 'Hello world!'
    }
}

In a command-line shell, move to the containing directory and execute the build script with gradle -q hello:

> gradle -q hello
Hello world!

What’s going on here? This build script defines a single task, called hello, and adds an action to it. When you run gradle hello, Gradle executes the hello task, which in turn executes the action you’ve provided. The action is simply a closure containing some Groovy code to execute.

If you think this looks similar to Ant’s targets, you would be right. Gradle tasks are the equivalent to Ant targets, but as you will see, they are much more powerful. We have used a different terminology than Ant as we think the word task is more expressive than the word target. Unfortunately this introduces a terminology clash with Ant, as Ant calls its commands, such as javac or copy, tasks. So when we talk about tasks, we always mean Gradle tasks, which are the equivalent to Ant’s targets. If we talk about Ant tasks (Ant commands), we explicitly say Ant task.

There is a shorthand way to define a task like our hello task above, which is more concise.

task hello << {
    println 'Hello world!'
}

Again, this defines a task called hello with a single closure to execute. The << operator is simply an alias for doLast.

Gradle’s build scripts give you the full power of Groovy. As an appetizer, have a look at this:

task upper {
    doLast {
        String someString = 'mY_nAmE'
        println "Original: " + someString
        println "Upper case: " + someString.toUpperCase()
    }
}

> gradle -q upper
Original: mY_nAmE
Upper case: MY_NAME

or

task count {
    doLast {
        4.times { print "$it " }
    }
}

> gradle -q count
0 1 2 3 

As you probably have guessed, you can declare tasks that depend on other tasks.

task hello {
    doLast {
        println 'Hello world!'
    }
}
task intro(dependsOn: hello) {
    doLast {
        println "I'm Gradle"
    }
}

> gradle -q intro
Hello world!
I'm Gradle

To add a dependency, the corresponding task does not need to exist.

task taskX(dependsOn: 'taskY') {
    doLast {
        println 'taskX'
    }
}
task taskY {
    doLast {
        println 'taskY'
    }
}

> gradle -q taskX
taskY
taskX

The dependency of taskX to taskY is declared before taskY is defined. This is very important for multi-project builds. Task dependencies are discussed in more detail in Section 19.5, “Adding dependencies to a task”.

Please notice that you can’t use shortcut notation (see Section 16.8, “Shortcut notations”) when referring to a task that is not yet defined.

The power of Groovy can be used for more than defining what a task does. For example, you can also use it to dynamically create tasks.

4.times { counter ->
    task "task$counter" {
        doLast {
            println "I'm task number $counter"
        }
    }
}

> gradle -q task1
I'm task number 1

Once tasks are created they can be accessed via an API. For instance, you could use this to dynamically add dependencies to a task, at runtime. Ant doesn’t allow anything like this.

4.times { counter ->
    task "task$counter" {
        doLast {
            println "I'm task number $counter"
        }
    }
}
task0.dependsOn task2, task3

> gradle -q task0
I'm task number 2
I'm task number 3
I'm task number 0

Or you can add behavior to an existing task.

task hello {
    doLast {
        println 'Hello Earth'
    }
}
hello.doFirst {
    println 'Hello Venus'
}
hello.doLast {
    println 'Hello Mars'
}
hello {
    doLast {
        println 'Hello Jupiter'
    }
}

> gradle -q hello
Hello Venus
Hello Earth
Hello Mars
Hello Jupiter

The calls doFirst and doLast can be executed multiple times. They add an action to the beginning or the end of the task’s actions list. When the task executes, the actions in the action list are executed in order.

There is a convenient notation for accessing an existing task. Each task is available as a property of the build script:

task hello {
    doLast {
        println 'Hello world!'
    }
}
hello.doLast {
    println "Greetings from the $hello.name task."
}

> gradle -q hello
Hello world!
Greetings from the hello task.

This enables very readable code, especially when using the tasks provided by the plugins, like the compile task.

You can add your own properties to a task. To add a property named myProperty, set ext.myProperty to an initial value. From that point on, the property can be read and set like a predefined task property.

task myTask {
    ext.myProperty = "myValue"
}

task printTaskProperties {
    doLast {
        println myTask.myProperty
    }
}

> gradle -q printTaskProperties
myValue

Extra properties aren’t limited to tasks. You can read more about them in Section 18.4.2, “Extra properties”.

Ant tasks are first-class citizens in Gradle. Gradle provides excellent integration for Ant tasks by simply relying on Groovy. Groovy is shipped with the fantastic AntBuilder. Using Ant tasks from Gradle is as convenient and more powerful than using Ant tasks from a build.xml file. From the example below, you can learn how to execute Ant tasks and how to access Ant properties:

task loadfile {
    doLast {
        def files = file('../antLoadfileResources').listFiles().sort()
        files.each { File file ->
            if (file.isFile()) {
                ant.loadfile(srcFile: file, property: file.name)
                println " *** $file.name ***"
                println "${ant.properties[file.name]}"
            }
        }
    }
}

> gradle -q loadfile
 *** agile.manifesto.txt ***
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration  over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan
 *** gradle.manifesto.txt ***
Make the impossible possible, make the possible easy and make the easy elegant.
(inspired by Moshe Feldenkrais)

There is lots more you can do with Ant in your build scripts. You can find out more in Chapter 21, Using Ant from Gradle.

Gradle scales in how you can organize your build logic. The first level of organizing your build logic for the example above, is extracting a method.

task checksum {
    doLast {
        fileList('../antLoadfileResources').each { File file ->
            ant.checksum(file: file, property: "cs_$file.name")
            println "$file.name Checksum: ${ant.properties["cs_$file.name"]}"
        }
    }
}

task loadfile {
    doLast {
        fileList('../antLoadfileResources').each { File file ->
            ant.loadfile(srcFile: file, property: file.name)
            println "I'm fond of $file.name"
        }
    }
}

File[] fileList(String dir) {
    file(dir).listFiles({file -> file.isFile() } as FileFilter).sort()
}

> gradle -q loadfile
I'm fond of agile.manifesto.txt
I'm fond of gradle.manifesto.txt

Later you will see that such methods can be shared among subprojects in multi-project builds. If your build logic becomes more complex, Gradle offers you other very convenient ways to organize it. We have devoted a whole chapter to this. See Chapter 43, Organizing Build Logic.

Gradle allows you to define one or more default tasks that are executed if no other tasks are specified.

defaultTasks 'clean', 'run'

task clean {
    doLast {
        println 'Default Cleaning!'
    }
}

task run {
    doLast {
        println 'Default Running!'
    }
}

task other {
    doLast {
        println "I'm not a default task!"
    }
}

> gradle -q
Default Cleaning!
Default Running!

This is equivalent to running gradle clean run. In a multi-project build every subproject can have its own specific default tasks. If a subproject does not specify default tasks, the default tasks of the parent project are used (if defined).

As we later describe in full detail (see Chapter 22, The Build Lifecycle), Gradle has a configuration phase and an execution phase. After the configuration phase, Gradle knows all tasks that should be executed. Gradle offers you a hook to make use of this information. A use-case for this would be to check if the release task is among the tasks to be executed. Depending on this, you can assign different values to some variables.

In the following example, execution of the distribution and release tasks results in different value of the version variable.

task distribution {
    doLast {
        println "We build the zip with version=$version"
    }
}

task release(dependsOn: 'distribution') {
    doLast {
        println 'We release now'
    }
}

gradle.taskGraph.whenReady {taskGraph ->
    if (taskGraph.hasTask(release)) {
        version = '1.0'
    } else {
        version = '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
    }
}

> gradle -q distribution
We build the zip with version=1.0-SNAPSHOT

> gradle -q release
We build the zip with version=1.0
We release now

The important thing is that whenReady affects the release task before the release task is executed. This works even when the release task is not the primary task (i.e., the task passed to the gradle command).

In this chapter, we have had a first look at tasks. But this is not the end of the story for tasks. If you want to jump into more of the details, have a look at Chapter 19, More about Tasks.

Otherwise, continue on to the tutorials in Chapter 46, Java Quickstart and Chapter 8, Dependency Management Basics.